Chapter 544 Bleeding
Vulvovaginitis may be caused by respiratory, oral and fecal pathogens, some of which produce a serosanguineous drainage (Streptococcus spp, Shigella) or cause vulvar bleeding due to irritation and excoriation of the skin. Prepubertal girls are at a higher risk for developing these irritations because the protective labia of pubertal girls are not fully developed and thus the vaginal opening and vagina are more exposed to irritants. Further, the mucosa is thin and the pH of the vagina is more alkaline than after menarche from low levels of estrogen. Hand-washing, improved perineal hygiene (wiping front to back, use of wet wipes after bowel movement), and avoidance of topical irritants, chemicals, and perfumed or deodorant soaps and bubble baths will reduce nonspecific vulvovaginitis. If hygiene does not result in improvement, a short course of antibiotics will be required to clear a recurrent or persistent infection (see Table 543-2). External application of bland emollient barriers such as over-the-counter diaper rash medications and petroleum jelly may be helpful.
A potential dermatologic reason for bleeding is lichen sclerosus (see Fig. 543-5 and Table 543-1). This condition is characterized by chronic inflammation, intense pruritus, and thinning and whitening of the vulvar and perianal skin in a keyhole fashion. Petechiae or blood blisters can arise and be mistaken as a sign of sexual abuse. Diagnosis is based on these classic clinical characteristics but may be confirmed by a tissue biopsy if necessary. Potent topical steroids are the first line of treatment and usually improve the appearance and symptoms of pruritus. The steroid should then be tapered and used for the shortest duration necessary; flare-ups can occur and require retreatment.
Trauma to the vulva or vagina is especially concerning. Most of these injuries are accidental, but physical and sexual abuse must be ruled out (Chapter 37