Population
Model
Behavioral assessment of child behavior
Parent report of child behavior
Reference
Preschool-aged children referred for conduct problems (United States) N = 10
PCIT
Compliance (CLP, PLP, & CU)
PCIT d = 1.8
Disruptive behavior (ECBI)
PCIT d = − 2.6
McNeil et al. 1991
Preschool-aged children referred for behavior problems (United States) N = 31
PCIT a
Compliance/deviant behaviors (CLP, PLP, & CU)
PCIT d = 1.8/− 0.64
Disruptive behavior (ECBI)
PCIT d = − 2.7
Eisenstadt et al. 1993
Preschool-aged children referred for disruptive behavior (United States) N = 64
PCIT WL
Compliance with mother b
Pre PCIT: 23 %
Post PCIT: 47 %
Compliance with father b
Pre PCIT: 27 %
Post PCIT: 45 %
Mother rating of disruptive behavior (ECBI)
PCIT d = − 1.5
WL d = − 0.1
Father rating of disruptive behavior (ECBI)
PCIT d = − 1.2
WL d = − 0.2
Schuhmann et al. 1998
Preschool-aged children referred for behavior problems (Australia) N = 92
PCIT c
ABB PCIT d
Compliance/deviant behaviors with mother (CLP, PLP, & CU)
PCIT d =0 .74/− 0.49
ABB PCIT d = 0.53/− 0.26 WL d = 0 .55/− 0.74
Mother rating of disruptive behavior (ECBI)
PCIT d = − 2.03
ABB PCIT d = − 1.68 WL d = − 1.21
Father rating of disruptive behavior (ECBI)
PCIT d = − 1.0 ABB PCIT d = − 1.1 WL d = − 0.5
Nixon et al. 2003
Young children referred for behavior problems (United States) N = 70; 72
PCIT
Not reported
Disruptive behavior (ECBI)
PCIT d = − 1.0 Exernalizing (CBCL) PCIT d = − 1.0 Internalizing (CBCL) PCIT d = − 1.0
Timmer et al. 2006
Preschool-aged children with diagnoses of both oppositional defiant disorder and mental retardation (United States) N = 30
PCIT
Compliance (PLP & CU)
PCIT d = 1.41 WL d = − .43
ECBI
PCIT d = − 2.0
WL d = − 0.9
Bagner and Eyberg 2007
Children referred to community providers for behavior problems. (United States) N = 154
PCIT
Not reported
ECBI
d = − 1.2
TSCYC post-traumatic stress total
d = − 0.7
TSCYC dissociation d = − 0.7
TSCYC anger
d = − 1.1
Pearl et al. 2012
Children referred for behavior problems (United States) N = 120
clinic and in-home PCIT
Not reported
ECBI
PCIT completers (clinic and in-home)
d = − 0.9
Lanier et al. 2011
Table 1.2
Drop-out rates and parent outcomes in studies of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) with children with disruptive behavior
Population | Model | Drop-out rate | Behavioral assessment of parent behavior | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Preschool-aged children referred for conduct problems (United States) N = 10 | PCIT | 0 % | Not reported | McNeil et al. 1991 |
Preschool-aged children referred for behavior problems (United States) N = 31 | PCIT a | 35 % | Not reported | Eisenstadt et al. 1993 |
Preschool-aged children referred for disruptive behavior (United States) N = 64 | PCIT WL | PCIT: 41 % WL: 26 % | Mother % praise (CLP, PLP, & CU) PCIT d = 2.1 WL d = 0.4 Mother % criticism (CLP, PLP, & CU) PCIT d = − 1.1 WL d = − 0.5 Mother % behavioral description (CLP, PLP, & CU) PCIT d = 7.0 WL d = 0.9 Father % praise (CLP, PLP, & CU) PCIT d = 2.2 WL d = 0 Father % criticism (CLP, PLP, & CU) PCIT d = − 1.3 WL d = −0 .4 Father % behavioral description (CLP, PLP, & CU) PCIT d = 1.7 WL d = 0 | Schuhmann et al. 1998 |
Preschool-aged children referred for behavior problems (Australia) N = 92 | Strd PCIT Ab PCIT WL | Strd PCIT: 23 % Ab PCIT: 13 % WL: 6 % | Mother praise (CLP, PLP, & CU) Strd PCIT d = 2.0 Ab PCIT d = 1.2 WL d = 0.5 Mother criticism (CLP, PLP, & CU) Strd PCIT d = 1.1 Ab PCIT d =0 .6 WL d = 0.2 | Nixon et al. 2003 |
Young children referred for behavior problems (United States) N = 70 | PCIT | 53 % | Not reported | Timmer et al. 2006 |
Preschool-aged children with diagnoses of both Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Mental Retardation (United States) N = 30 | PCIT | PCIT: 33 % WL: 20 % | Praise + Reflection + Behavior Description (CLP) PCIT d = 1.9 WL d = 0.4 Question + Command + Criticism (CLP) PCIT d = − 2.7 WL d = − 0.8 | Bagner and Eyberg 2007 |
Children referred to community providers for behavior problems. (United States) N = 154 | PCIT | 67 % | Praise + Reflection + Behavior Description (CLP) d = 2.9 b | Pearl et al. 2012 |
Children referred for behavior problems (United States) N = 120 | PCIT In-Home PCIT | PCIT: 72 % In-Home PCIT: 66 % | Not reported | Lanier et al. 2011 |
Child outcomes associated with PCIT in child welfare/child maltreatment populations are shown in Table 1.3. Parent outcomes and drop-out rates are shown in Table 1.4. As shown in Table 1.3, children with a history of maltreatment or at risk for maltreatment who participate in PCIT with either their foster parent (McNeil et al. 2005; Timmer et al. 2006) or primary caregiver (Chaffin et al. 2011; Chaffin et al. 2004; Galanter et al. 2012; Nieter et al. 2013; Thomas and Zimmer-Gembeck 2011, 2012) demonstrate significant improvement in disruptive behavior, anxiety, and depression. Somewhat surprisingly, given the primary focus on changing the parent’s behavior in studies where the parent had maltreated the child or was at risk of maltreating the child, only two of these six studies required the parent meet mastery criteria (Galanter et al. 2012). In the Chaffin et al. (2004) study, only 30 % of physically abusive parents participating in PCIT met mastery criteria.
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