Chapter 45 TRANSAMINASE ELEVATION Theodore X. O’Connell General Discussion The first step in the evaluation of transaminase elevation is to repeat the test to confirm the result. Both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are released into the blood in increasing amounts when the liver cell membrane is damaged. However, necrosis of liver cells is not required for the release of the aminotransferases, and correlation between the level of the aminotransferases and the degree of liver cell damage is poor. The initial evaluation includes a detailed history, review of medications, and a physical examination. The history should include an assessment of the patient’s risk factors for liver disease with attention directed toward family history, medications, vitamins, herbal supplements, alcohol consumption, drug use, history of blood-product transfusions, and symptoms of liver disease. Signs of liver disease are outlined below. Common causes of elevated aminotransferase levels are alcohol-related liver injury, hepatitis B and C, autoimmune hepatitis, fatty infiltration of the liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, and celiac disease. Alcohol-related liver injury is a common cause of elevated aminotransferase levels and must be considered in any child or adolescent who may be drinking. The term NASH was first used in 1980 in describing 20 nonalcoholic patients with liver biopsy changes compatible with alcoholic hepatitis. NASH may be considered part of a larger spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disorders (NAFLD) that extends from simple steatosis through NASH. Liver biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis of NASH, which is characterized by fatty change with lobular inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and Mallory’s hyaline, with or without fibrosis, in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. In contrast, simple fatty liver is characterized histologically by hepatic steatosis without inflammation, ballooning degeneration, necrosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis. Recent studies suggest that NASH may not be rare in children, especially in obese children, and severe fibrosis may be found at an early age. Therefore, NASH should be considered in obese children with elevated aminotransferase levels. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH to confirm the diagnosis and establish severity of fibrosis and the presence of cirrhosis. Liver biopsy also excludes other coexisting conditions that can result in hepatic steatosis. Medications That May Cause Transaminase Elevation • Acetaminophen • Amiodarone • Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid • Aspirin • Azathioprine/6-MP • Carbamazepine • Ciprofloxacin • Cyclosporine • Erythromycin • Estrogens • Fluconazole • Glipizide • Glucocorticoids • Glyburide • Halothane • Heparin • Isoniazid • Ketoconazole • L-asparaginase • Labetalol • Methotrexate • Minocycline • Nitrofurantoin • Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) • Pemoline • Phenobarbital • Phenytoin • Propylthiouracil • Protease inhibitors • Statin medications • Sulfonamides • Synthetic penicillins • Trazodone • Valproic acid Causes of Transaminitis Acquired muscle diseases Acute viral hepatitis Alcohol Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency Autoimmune hepatitis Celiac disease Chronic hepatitis B Chronic hepatitis C Cirrhosis Cystic fibrosis Diabetes, especially type 1 Hemochromatosis Hemolysis Hyperthyroidism Inborn errors of metabolism • Abetalipoproteinemia Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: Gynecomastia Neck masses Lymphadenopathy Seizures Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Join Tags: Instant Work-ups A Clinical Guide to Pediatrics Jun 18, 2016 | Posted by admin in PEDIATRICS | Comments Off on Transaminase elevation Full access? Get Clinical Tree
Chapter 45 TRANSAMINASE ELEVATION Theodore X. O’Connell General Discussion The first step in the evaluation of transaminase elevation is to repeat the test to confirm the result. Both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are released into the blood in increasing amounts when the liver cell membrane is damaged. However, necrosis of liver cells is not required for the release of the aminotransferases, and correlation between the level of the aminotransferases and the degree of liver cell damage is poor. The initial evaluation includes a detailed history, review of medications, and a physical examination. The history should include an assessment of the patient’s risk factors for liver disease with attention directed toward family history, medications, vitamins, herbal supplements, alcohol consumption, drug use, history of blood-product transfusions, and symptoms of liver disease. Signs of liver disease are outlined below. Common causes of elevated aminotransferase levels are alcohol-related liver injury, hepatitis B and C, autoimmune hepatitis, fatty infiltration of the liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, and celiac disease. Alcohol-related liver injury is a common cause of elevated aminotransferase levels and must be considered in any child or adolescent who may be drinking. The term NASH was first used in 1980 in describing 20 nonalcoholic patients with liver biopsy changes compatible with alcoholic hepatitis. NASH may be considered part of a larger spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disorders (NAFLD) that extends from simple steatosis through NASH. Liver biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis of NASH, which is characterized by fatty change with lobular inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and Mallory’s hyaline, with or without fibrosis, in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. In contrast, simple fatty liver is characterized histologically by hepatic steatosis without inflammation, ballooning degeneration, necrosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis. Recent studies suggest that NASH may not be rare in children, especially in obese children, and severe fibrosis may be found at an early age. Therefore, NASH should be considered in obese children with elevated aminotransferase levels. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH to confirm the diagnosis and establish severity of fibrosis and the presence of cirrhosis. Liver biopsy also excludes other coexisting conditions that can result in hepatic steatosis. Medications That May Cause Transaminase Elevation • Acetaminophen • Amiodarone • Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid • Aspirin • Azathioprine/6-MP • Carbamazepine • Ciprofloxacin • Cyclosporine • Erythromycin • Estrogens • Fluconazole • Glipizide • Glucocorticoids • Glyburide • Halothane • Heparin • Isoniazid • Ketoconazole • L-asparaginase • Labetalol • Methotrexate • Minocycline • Nitrofurantoin • Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) • Pemoline • Phenobarbital • Phenytoin • Propylthiouracil • Protease inhibitors • Statin medications • Sulfonamides • Synthetic penicillins • Trazodone • Valproic acid Causes of Transaminitis Acquired muscle diseases Acute viral hepatitis Alcohol Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency Autoimmune hepatitis Celiac disease Chronic hepatitis B Chronic hepatitis C Cirrhosis Cystic fibrosis Diabetes, especially type 1 Hemochromatosis Hemolysis Hyperthyroidism Inborn errors of metabolism • Abetalipoproteinemia Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: Gynecomastia Neck masses Lymphadenopathy Seizures Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Join Tags: Instant Work-ups A Clinical Guide to Pediatrics Jun 18, 2016 | Posted by admin in PEDIATRICS | Comments Off on Transaminase elevation Full access? Get Clinical Tree
