Recommendations for Treatment of Other and Less Commonly Seen Problems

28 Recommendations for Treatment of Other and Less Commonly Seen Problems


Shonishin has been used for several centuries in the treatment of different health problems in children. Since World War II it has become better and more widely known in the Japanese acupuncture community. Many of the texts on shonishin are by elderly experienced practitioners who applied treatment in Japan during times when the health care system was not as advanced as it is today, and in a culture that is more accepting of acupuncture in general. Those practitioners applied acupuncture treatment on patients with a number of health problems that do not commonly present in our modern Western acupuncture practices. Today, and generally in the West, parents whose children have these problems do not usually think to come to an acupuncturist, either because surgery is the usually recommended route of treatment (e.g., inguinal hernia, tonsillitis), long-term use of major medication is the recommended treatment (e.g., epilepsy, kidney disease), or the child is acutely ill under consultation with their general practitioner (tonsillitis, mumps). Thus, there are conditions where treatment recommendations can be found from the practices of experienced practitioners but for which parents do not usually or commonly bring their children to acupuncturists in the West for treatment. This chapter covers a number of such recommendations to give an idea of what kind of treatment techniques and loci can be targeted should children come to you for those problems. The treatment discussions listed below represent a compilation of ideas from various sources.


The Child with Fever


When I teach I am often asked how to treat children with a fever. I usually respond by pointing out that we do not usually get the chance to treat children with fevers since the parent calls and cancels the appointment. If I ask those in the group that treat children how many get to treat a child with a fever, almost nobody raises their hand. This is a complicated issue. In Holland, patients often come by bicycle and parents are usually loath to bring their feverish child on a bicycle. In the United States where I worked, almost none of my patients lived near where I worked and almost all came by car. Parents were, by and large, unwilling to bring their feverish child in the car. As a consequence I almost always got a phone call that morning or at the last minute cancelling the treatment. Occasionally, a child is brought for their treatment and they have a fever because they just started the cold. It can be very different in Japan. As mentioned earlier, many acupuncturists have clinics downstairs in the house where they live or they have their clinic round the corner from where they live. The clinics are often in residential neighborhoods and it is relatively easy for the mother to bring her child for treatment when he or she has a fever, thus practitioners there tend to see children with fever much more often in their practices compared with acupuncture practices in the West, though I suspect that trend is changing.


There are increasing numbers of primary health care workers such as doctors using acupuncture, and, by and large, they are more likely to have the parent bring their feverish child for consultation with them rather than to the nonmedical acupuncturist. There are also increasing numbers of parents who are fed up with seeing the doctor with their child and not being satisfied with the results, and when those parents start to trust you as the acupuncturist, start to come to you first before their doctor. Thus, over time we can expect a slow increase in the number of children that do have a fever coming for acupuncture. Although so far in clinical practice I have not treated many children with a fever, I would like to explain how one does this.


It is important not to ignore the fever. The core non-pattern-based root treatment is contraindicated in a child who has a fever of over 37.8°C and one has to think about whether one should apply this core treatment on a child who has a raised body temperature up to 37.8°C. It is not very good if you simply say, sorry, I can’t treat her today, she has a fever, to the parent who has made the effort to come and see you. You may, however, have a child present who has strong symptoms and a high fever. As an acupuncturist, I always feel sorry to send someone away without treatment and I can always find something to try to help. I will first recommend that the parent take the child to their usual doctor for a consultation and then apply a treatment. I further instruct that the parent should either go immediately to the doctor or, if the symptoms progress at all, to go to the doctor then. There will be some variations in how you might express yourself depending on the parent and the condition of the child, but the message should be simple: it is better to have the child checked by the doctor in this case. If the child presents with only a mild fever (say around 37.8°C) I will proceed with treatment, albeit carefully. At the end I instruct the parent if the condition worsens, and especially if the fever increases, to please consult the doctor.


Although the core non-pattern-based root treatment can be contraindicated, there are a few aspects of it that can be applied and which can be helpful for a child with fever. Tapping lightly around the head can help encourage release of heat by sweating. Mr. Yanagishita recommended use of a very light stroking over the webs of the fingers (Yanagishita 2007, personal communication). Here the technique is applied by holding the needle or instrument between the index finger and thumb so that a small part of the instrument (teishin, hera-bari, etc.) protrudes. One strokes on the dorsal surface of the hand from near the wrist moving towards the web between the digits, moving your fingers between the fingers as you come over the web, angling slightly toward the palmar surface of the hand. Apply one to two light strokes over each area on both hands. This treatment is applied very quickly and does not take much time.


The pattern-based root treatment can also be modified to target the symptom of fever. Following the ideas from Nan Jing (Classic of Difficulties) Chapter 68, we can use the ying-spring (fire) points for fever and the jing-river (metal) points for alternating fever and chills. The first time my son was sick with a fever (around age 1 year) and we were figuring out what to do, we had just taken his temperature, which was 38.2°C. I applied supplementation with a teishin to LU-10 (the ying-spring point) instead of LU-9 to try to target the fever. We both felt some immediate difference, we rechecked the temperature and it was now 37.2 and he looked less feverish! It was very curious. I continued treatment by supplementing SP-2. He recovered quite quickly and the fever did not (on that occasion) return. Of course, we do not always see such rapid changes, but we can get a hint from this experience. For the child who has the liver vacuity pattern and who today has a mild fever that alternates with chills, recovering from a cold that started several days ago, instead of using LR-8 and KI-10 you can try using LR-4, KI-7, and the jing-river points.


The symptomatic aspects of treatment offer several opportunities to target the fever. The most common approaches we might use on an adult patient with fever are moxa and bloodletting. Both of these can be difficult to apply on the pediatric patient, especially the younger child.


Studies in China found that applying a moxa pole to GV-14 on patients with a fever reduces the fever.1 This matches clinical experience. We might use okyu/direct moxa to achieve this or a more hot but indirect form of moxa such as a moxa pole. Probably the easiest technique on the typical child with fever is the use of the moxa pole at GV-14. I have not described the use of the moxa pole in this book because we do not usually use moxa poles in the treatment of children and, in general, in the Japanese acupuncture approaches I practice I do not use them. However, unless one’s okyu techniques are very good, you are not likely to use that technique on the feverish child, hence I would like to describe the use of the moxa pole here. First, on the child with the higher fever (very rarely seen in our clinics), do not apply this technique.


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1 See, for example, the studies by Tian and Wang (1987) and Wang, Tian, and Li (1987).


Children usually do not stay still, especially the small child who makes unpredictable movements and on whom if you try to constrain their movements you create opposite reactions, struggling and more movements or crying. We prefer not to do this. When we use something like a moxa pole, the danger for children is that they will not stay still and will move, bumping into the burning end of the pole, which would be disastrous. We thus need a simple way of maintaining safety if we are to use the moxa pole. There are two simple methods. First it may be better to use a lighted incense stick on the baby or small child rather than the moxa pole, which burns much hotter. Second, you need to fix the lighted end of the pole at a set distance from the skin and in such a way that if the child moves they cannot bump into the lighted end. One way to do this is to hold the pole close to the lighted end with the index finger and thumb, holding both bent, while extending the other fingers of that hand so that they touch the child. As the child moves he or she presses against the extended fingers, which are kept straight, thus allowing the lighted pole to be kept at the same distance from the skin. With your other hand you also need to touch the child to feel his or her responses. Are they moving because they have started to feel the heat of the pole, or are they moving because they won’t stay still? When the child feels the heat, move the lighted end away and then a little while later bring the lighted end back, moving away again as they feel the heat. This approaching and moving away from the point GV-14 will allow the point to gradually warm up. Once it starts to appear a little red around GV-14, stop the technique.


On children, it is sometimes indicated to apply bloodletting, especially of jing-well points. Shimizu (1975) recommends bleeding of LI-1 and/or SI-1 for early-stage mild fever in children who also have a sore throat. On adults we can apply bloodletting to jing-well points for fever, thus we have a similar idea here. However, jing point bloodletting can be difficult on children and one’s technique has to be good, since the technique should be painless on a child. Chapter 15 describes how to do this technique, but you definitely need to practice on other people before you try it on a child with fever. If you choose to use the technique on a child with fever make sure of the following:


image Select the point for treatment by visual signs—the point and surrounding area is slightly reddish, maybe slightly swollen.


image Make sure to apply the technique not only painlessly but also so that when you want the blood to stop oozing out, it does so (i.e., don’t stab at all deeply).


image Remove a few drops of blood from each point, do not remove too much from each (i.e., do not stab too deeply and do not wait till the blood flow changes color or consistency).


image Have small plasters or Band-Aids on hand to place over the treated point to be removed a short while later when the child arrives home.


Teething Problems


For teething problems shonishin can be very helpful. If the child is crying a lot and is very irritable, ask about general moodiness and sleep. If not so good, treat the baby child as the “kanmushisho” pattern. In addition to the core non-pattern-based root treatment, add extra tapping around the occipital region, LI-4, GV-20, GV-12, on the jaw, and below the ears. For the Meridian Therapy treatment, if the pulse and other findings are not clear, treat the liver vacuity pattern (supplement either LR-8, KI-10 or LR-3, KI-3); otherwise follow the pattern that you find.


If the teething problems are triggering nasal congestion problems, or problems of catching cold easily, apply the core non-pattern-based root treatment and apply additional tapping to the GV-22 to GV-23 area, LI-4, GV-12, and LU-1 regions. For the Meridian Therapy treatment, if the pulse and other findings are not clear, treat the lung vacuity pattern (supplement LU-9 and SP-3); otherwise follow the pattern that you find.


Applying press-spheres to GV-12 can be helpful, if there are hard, reactive points either on the jaw or behind the jaw around TB-17, applying a press-sphere to this can also be helpful.


If the symptoms are stronger and resistant to the above treatment, insert needles with the in-out method to LI-4.


In more severe cases bloodletting can be applied to the thumbnail corner, especially LU-11 or LI-1 (Maruyama and Kudo 1982).


Infectious Diseases


Today, especially in the West, when a child develops an infectious disease such as mumps or tonsillitis, it is common that the parents seek the help of their pediatrician. Some parents may also seek help from, for example, a homeopath, but in general parents do not tend to think that acupuncture might be useful for such conditions and thus tend not to consult acupuncturists much. In the past in Japan, especially before the current health care system had developed, parents were much more likely to go to the acupuncturist for treatment. Thus, some of the older practitioners describe treatment of these conditions. It is possible that we as acupuncturists in modern Western countries may be called upon to see children with such infections, thus it is useful to know what to do to help, because the shonishin treatment approach can be quite effective.


Yoneyama and Mori (1964) caution for such conditions that if the child has a fever of 37.8°C or higher not to apply treatment. It is better that the conversation about whether treatment should be applied or not is best done over the phone so as to prevent unnecessary clinic visits and associated travel. In the case of tonsillitis, Yoneyama and Mori say if the fever is mild treatment can be applied.


Tonsillitis


Tonsillitis causes symptoms of sore throat, pain on swallowing, and when very enlarged, mouth breathing due to obstructed nasal airways. The tonsils can start to become enlarged around age 2–3 years with significant swelling around age 6 years.


A number of authors have different recommendations for the treatment of tonsillitis. I present them all here so that one has choices in the approach one wants to take.


Yoneyama and Mori (1964) recommend a two-stage treatment for tonsillitis: (1) needle around LI-18 to ST-9, angling towards and almost to the depth of the tonsils; (2) look for a swollen vein around KI-6 and let blood from it (they comment that the bloodletting is especially effective).


For chronic tonsillitis Hyodo (1986) recommends needling of LI-18, ST-9 or placement of press-spheres to these acupoints.


Shimizu (1975) comments that we can view tonsillitis as lung and/or kidney related. As well as applying the core non-pattern-based root treatment he recommends treatment of acupoints such as KI-27, KI-16, KI-6, BL-23, LU-5, LI-4, and BL-13 to help regulate the lungs and kidneys. Additionally, needle over the area of the tonsils to acupoints such as TB-17, BL-11, and about 0.5cun lateral to C6/7. Finally okyu/direct moxa can be applied to acupoints such as GV-12, BL-12, BL-23, LU-5, KI-6 (half rice grain size, three to five cones per point). If you use moxa reduce the number of acupoints needled and do not needle and moxa the same acupoints.


From the perspective of Meridian Therapy, if the condition is acute and has not occurred before, it is more likely to be a lung vacuity pattern (but we will rarely see children in such an acute stage). If the condition is chronic, with recurrent symptoms, it could be a kidney vacuity pattern. One needs to differentiate from the pulse and various findings. Supplementing KI-7 and LU-8 can be helpful, but if there are signs of fever at all, use of KI-2, LU-10 (ying-spring points for fever) may be better.


Writing in general about the use of moxa treatment, Shiroda (1986) recommends the following acupoints be palpated and reactive points treated with moxa for tonsillitis: LU-5, BL-11, GV-14, BL-12, LU-6, LU-7, KI-3. Maruyama and Kudo (1982) mention that bloodletting can be applied to the thumb-nail corner, especially LU-11.


Mumps


Yoneyama and Mori (1964) recommend that for mumps it is better to avoid treatment when there is a fever. Treatment can be applied when the fever has subsided. For treatment: insert thin needles shallowly or place intra-dermal needles over the area so as to surround the swollen region.


Shimizu (1975) has a more detailed description. This is mostly seen in 5–15-year-old children. The child presents with early signs of headache, fever, a strange feeling over the swollen area, and poor appetite. As the condition progresses the glands become swollen, and painful with difficulty chewing and opening the mouth. It can manifest on one or both sides. For treatment, quick relief of the pain can be obtained by placing an intra-dermal needle at the centre of the swollen region (below the ear and toward the lower jaw). If no fever, then one can also apply the core non-pattern-based root treatment, focusing especially on the shoulders, upper back, upper abdomen, and lumbar region. Needles can be inserted to acupoints such as BL-14, BL-22, TB-9, and TB-15. Bloodletting can be applied to the thumbnail corner, especially LU-11 (Maruyama and Kudo 1982).


From a Meridian Therapy perspective you are likely to see a problem with stomach and triple burner channels, which point toward a spleen vacuity pattern. Because the child is older you should be able to perform pulse and abdominal diagnosis to select the pattern for treatment. It is also possible that the pattern is lung vacuity, perhaps with a disturbance of the heart pulse or kidney vacuity pattern, perhaps with a disturbance of the heart or spleen pulses. Treat according to what you find.


Nervous Conditions


image Stuttering and Stammering


This is not a condition for which many parents have brought their child for treatment. Usually parents seek help from specialized speech therapists. If the parent brings their child to you and is receiving treatment from such a therapist this is ideal. If they come to you and have not sought help from a speech therapist, it is useful to advise such therapy. Sometimes the parents have taken their child for psychological therapy to help with this problem. This can also be a useful therapy to help the child learn to relax and cope better with stress, and may also be a good referral for the parent. If you want to try your treatment first and then refer after you have seen the response this can also be useful in order to help understand whether your treatment is helping and how it is helping. A main target of your treatment will be to help the child feel more relaxed and help change the way that their body responds to what they perceive as stressful situations.


Yoneyama and Mori (1964) describe treatment of this condition and report that this problem generally responds well to the shonishin treatment. Conditions that developed more recently are more easily cured. Severe, chronic conditions can be corrected with continuous treatments by the age of 5–6 years (if the treatment is started early enough).


Treatment

Use the core non-pattern-based whole body treatment with stroking and tapping needle (especially of the neck, shoulder, and upper back regions), as is used in the treatment of kanmushisho. You may find abnormal tension patterns in the muscles of the jaw, around ST-7 and ST-6, so apply tapping to these. You may also find abnormal tension patterns around TB-17; target treatment to this area as well. On some children there can be abnormal tension on the sternocleidomastoid muscle; apply a little extra tapping to this region as well. Once you have established a pattern of treatment that seems to fit the child well, it is strongly advised to teach the parents about a simple form of home therapy to be applied regularly at home.


I think for the pattern-based root treatment, this condition will show either a liver vacuity pattern or a lung vacuity pattern. Look to the pulse and other signs to differentiate which. In terms of point selection, this condition is usually associated with nervousness or worsened by stress causing nervousness. Look to see if there are any signs of counterflow qi in such cases (flushing of the face, neck) and try the he-sea points instead of the usual points.


In severe conditions one will usually find a lot of stiffness on the neck, shoulders, and upper back. One can apply light needling to the stiff points around GB-20 and BL-10. If there are knots around BL-14 or BL-15, one can apply press-spheres or press-tack needles to these knots, being careful about doses. One can also leave press-spheres at GV-12 and/or the point on the back of the ear behind shen men.2 On older children one can pal-pate the thoracic vertebrae between T2 and T9. For the reactive point(s) apply okyu. This is Fukaya’s “psychosomatic” moxa treatment (Irie 1980; Fukaya 1982). This is used a lot on adult patients within the Fukaya moxa tradition and is helpful whenever the patient shows a physical symptom due to psychological or emotional issues or stress. Stuttering and stammering usually manifest as such a “psychosomatic” problem. It is difficult to do this treatment on smaller children as it involves the use of more direct moxa. If there is a single inter-vertebral space that shows a clear reaction, apply around nine cones of moxa (the reaction should diminish with the treatment). If there are two or more intervertebral spaces that show reaction apply three cones of moxa to each space. For example, if below T4 is distinctly reactive, apply nine cones of moxa. If below T4, T5, and T7 are reactive, apply three cones to each.


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2 Recommended by Mike Smith of the Bronx as useful for ADHD children and which I have found useful for children who have difficulty expressing themselves.


Neurological Conditions


image Convulsions—Including Epilepsy


Yoneyama and Mori (1964) describe the treatment of children with convulsions. This includes both the condition “epilepsy” and children who have febrile convulsions. Today it is not very common for children to come for acupuncture for treatment of these conditions. The epileptic patient is usually on medication and if this does not work sufficiently, appropriate medical specialists are visited rather than the local acupuncturist. However, since children do occasionally come with the problem of convulsions, I include treatment recommendations as a guide to treatment.


Yoneyama and Mori indicate that children prone to convulsions (or epilepsy) can show slow, steady improvement with regular application of the whole body general treatment. The core non-pattern-based root treatment is good for the constitutional tendency, helping prevent the tendency to convulse. To deal with acute episodes, more aggressive and stronger treatments are necessary. As a rule, great caution is advised in the treatment of epileptic or seizure-prone children. Proper referral and consultation with the child’s pediatrician is very important. Treatment of the acute episode should be embarked upon with even greater caution.


Treatment

For the emergency or acute treatment, insert needles to the jing points, or needle GV-26 and apply bloodletting to LI-2. Also add strong touching/tapping needle methods to the temporal regions. However, it is much more likely that if a child has a seizure in your clinic that you will wait for the parent(s) to manage the seizure before allowing you to continue.


For the constitutional treatment, apply the core non-pattern-based root treatment with stroking and tapping and moxa GV-12.


Root treatment using Meridian Therapy will be possible based on a full assessment of the patient. On the older child you will be able to access the pulse and abdomen and choose the pattern accordingly. The most likely pattern will be liver vacuity pattern, in which case supplement LR-8 and KI-10. It is also possible that the liver may be replete (showing with a clear hardness of the liver pulse). In this case the child will either be lung vacuity pattern or spleen vacuity pattern. Examine the pulse and abdomen and other findings to select which of these patterns to treat. For the lung vacuity pattern supplement LU-9 and SP-3 on one side and drain LR-3 on the other. For the spleen vacuity pattern supplement SP-3 and PC-7 on one side and drain LR-3 on the other.


For symptomatic treatment, moxibustion is described by a number of authors. Irie (1980) describes the application of moxa to GV-8, GV-12, and GB-8 (three moxa each). Manaka, Itaya, and Birch (1995) indicate the use of moxa on GV-20 and CV-4 for infantile seizures.


image Facial Paralysis


Occasionally in practice a child presents with paralysis of the facial nerves. Shimizu (1975) describes treatment of this condition, indicating that treatment of this problem on children is more effective than on adults and one sees changes usually within 3–4 weeks.


Treatment

Apply the core non-pattern-based root treatment. After this apply in and out needling techniques to some of the following acupoints: BL-18, GV-8, CV-14, and LR-14 (to help regulate the liver); GV-20, GB-20, GV-12, GB-21 (to help regulate the state of the nervous system). Then select and needle up to four acupoints from among the following on the affected region: for example, GB-1, ST-7, ST-5, TB-17; then needle up to two acupoints on the limbs at, for example, TB-9, GB-34. Finally, place intra-dermal needles to distinctive pressure pain points on the affected region, such as at GB-1 or more posterior to it, SI-18, ST-5, TB-17, GB-3, ST-7. Also place some intra-dermal needles at distinctive pressure pain points on the limbs choosing from among TB-9, LI-10, GB-34, ST-36. Retain the intra-dermal needles for 3–5 days, then change them to other reactive points, rotating among the various reactive points continuously.


As Shimizu indicates, this can be treated also as a liver-related problem. The most likely pattern will be liver vacuity pattern, in which case supplement LR-8 and KI-10 on the unaffected side. It is also possible that the liver may be replete (showing with a clear hardness of the liver pulse). In this case the child will either be lung vacuity pattern or spleen vacuity pattern, so examine the pulse and abdomen and other findings to select which of these patterns to treat. For the lung vacuity pattern supplement LU-9 and SP-3 on the unaffected side and drain LR-3 on the affected side. For the spleen vacuity pattern supplement SP-3 and PC-7 on the unaffected side and drain LR-3 on the affected side.


Kidney Diseases


image Glomerulonephritis and Nephrosis


Occasionally we see patients who come for acupuncture because of kidney disease problems. It is not so common with adult patients and is even less common with children. In the past in Japan this was more commonly treated by acupuncture. Today if we see such a patient, they are usually undergoing Western medical therapy such as steroids and are treated often over the long term. We tend not to see patients with this condition until they have already been treated over a long period with steroid therapy and concern begins to be expressed about the consequences of such long-term therapy,3 and/or the fact that the condition is being maintained by the drug therapy but is not improving. Thus, when we see patients with such problems we are not only addressing the kidney disease itself and its manifestations, but also secondary issues due to prolonged use of drugs. This can be quite complicated and can require extended courses of treatment to be helpful. Many patients do not have the patience or resources for such extended therapy, and so it is useful when treating children to focus on finding ways to demonstrate to the parents in a sufficiently short period of time that what you are doing does in fact help, and then working out a home treatment regimen so that the parents can continue therapy daily at home, reducing the number of visits to you. As described in the introduction to Chapter 25, it is also helpful to find a way of reducing costs to the parents using, for example, reduced treatment rates.


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3 The long-term use of, for example, prednisone can include the following side effects: facial swelling, blood sugar problems, weight gain, eye problems, sleep problems, etc.


Yoneyama and Mori (1964) report that infantile nephritis can respond very well to shonishin therapy. Rest, keeping the child warm, and altering the child’s diet are, of course, important, but the shonishin treatment is quite effective.


Treatment

Apply the core non-pattern-based root treatment with the stroking and tapping regularly. Apply additional tapping to the area around GV-3/GV-4 and around the navel. As soon as you have established a pattern of treatment that fits the child, teach the parents to apply a simplified form of the treatment daily at home.


On babies and small children this is best treated as a kidney vacuity pattern. On older children where you are able to differentiate more clearly from the pulse and abdominal findings, you may find a lung or liver vacuity pattern present. In particular, supplementing the he-sea water points may be useful rather than the usual treatment points. If there are signs of inflammation with warmth or fever the jing-river points may be better for treatment.


Okyu/direct moxa can be applied to KI-1 (three cones) to reduce edema and increase urine output. One can also try treating the extra point shitsumin with direct moxa for the same purposes (Katsuyoshi 2006). Shiroda recommends a number of points to be treated with okyu/direct moxa on adults, especially CV-9, CV-7, and Kl-16 (Manaka et al. 1995, p. 214). It can be useful in stubborn cases to direct treatment to these points in older children.


Hyodo (1986) recommends light needling or placing press-spheres to BL-23 and KI-1 for this condition. Needling KI-1 is probably more difficult than moxa on this point, thus it could be helpful to apply moxa to KI-1 with needling followed by press-spheres to BL-23.


As additional home treatment on an older child it can be helpful to target heat stimulation to points such as KI-1 and KI-16. At first you can have the parents either use a small moxa pole or thick incense stick held above KI-1, moving the lighted end away when heat is felt and bringing it back again until heat is felt again. Start with KI-1, making sure that the heat is felt at least nine times. Later you can add KI-16 with this mild heat stimulation, making sure that the heat is felt at this point at least five times


Postnatal Lethargy with Lack of Sucking Reflex


The following case from my Spanish colleague, Manuel Rodriguez probably helped remove the need for the parents to take their newborn baby to the hospital. Incredibly little treatment was done to produce these immediate effects.


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Jul 11, 2016 | Posted by in PEDIATRICS | Comments Off on Recommendations for Treatment of Other and Less Commonly Seen Problems

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