Christopher P. Coppola, Alfred P. Kennedy, Jr. and Ronald J. Scorpio (eds.)Pediatric Surgery2014Diagnosis and Treatment10.1007/978-3-319-04340-1_56
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
Gynecomastia
(1)
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Janet Weis Children’s Hospital, 100 N. Academy Av. MC 21-70, Danville, PA 17822, USA
Abstract
Gynecomastia is the proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men and is common in males of all ages. In infancy, gynecomastia is caused from excess estrogen during pregnancy and regresses over the first month of life. Pseudogynecomastia is the proliferation of fatty tissue around the breast in obese men and is often mistaken for gynecomastia.
Gynecomastia is the proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men and is common in males of all ages. In infancy, gynecomastia is caused from excess estrogen during pregnancy and regresses over the first month of life. Pseudogynecomastia is the proliferation of fatty tissue around the breast in obese men and is often mistaken for gynecomastia.
1.
Etiology:
(a)
Many cases of gynecomastia have no detectable cause.
(b)
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Other causes include:
(i)
Puberty: Usually resolves but some persist into adulthood.
(ii)
Drugs: Anti-androgens and hormones, antibiotics (ketoconazole, metronidazole, isoniazid), antireflux (cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole), some chemotherapeutic drugs, cardiovascular (spironolactone, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, amiodarone, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, methyldopa, reserpine), psychoactive (diazepam, haloperidol, phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants), recreational (alcohol, amphetamines, heroin, marijuana, methadone), herbals (tea tree and lavender oil), and others (highly active antiretroviral therapy, metoclopramide, theophylline).
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