26 GYNECOMASTIA General Discussion Gynecomastia, the excessive development of the male mammary glands, which occurs when there is a disturbance in the normal ratio of circulating androgens to estrogens. The prevalence of gynecomastia is estimated to be approximately 40% and usually presents bilaterally. There is a progressive increase in the prevalence of gynecomastia with advancing age. The central issue is to distinguish true gynecomastia from fatty enlargement of the breasts (lipomatosa). When this distinction is in doubt after careful physical examination, mammography or ultrasonography may be performed. It is important to remember that an underlying diagnosis is made in less than half of patients referred for gynecomastia. As such, not all cases of gynecomastia require extensive evaluation. Indications for further work-up include a negative medication and drug history, breast tenderness, or a mass larger than 4 cm in diameter. Medications Associated with Gynecomastia Amiodarone Anabolic steroids Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Calcium-channel blockers Chemotherapy agents • Alkylating agents • Busulfan • Imatinib • Nitrosoureas • Vincristine Cimetidine Cisplatin Clomiphene Diazepam Diethylstilbestrol Digoxin Efavirenz Estrogens Ethionamide Etomidate Finasteride Flutamide Furosemide Gonadotropins Growth hormone Haloperidol Isoniazid Ketoconazole Melatonin Methadone Methotrexate Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRALGIA HAIR LOSS INFERTILITY, MALE SYNCOPE Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Join Tags: Instant Work-ups A Clinical Guide to Medicine Aug 17, 2016 | Posted by admin in PEDIATRICS | Comments Off on GYNECOMASTIA Full access? Get Clinical Tree
26 GYNECOMASTIA General Discussion Gynecomastia, the excessive development of the male mammary glands, which occurs when there is a disturbance in the normal ratio of circulating androgens to estrogens. The prevalence of gynecomastia is estimated to be approximately 40% and usually presents bilaterally. There is a progressive increase in the prevalence of gynecomastia with advancing age. The central issue is to distinguish true gynecomastia from fatty enlargement of the breasts (lipomatosa). When this distinction is in doubt after careful physical examination, mammography or ultrasonography may be performed. It is important to remember that an underlying diagnosis is made in less than half of patients referred for gynecomastia. As such, not all cases of gynecomastia require extensive evaluation. Indications for further work-up include a negative medication and drug history, breast tenderness, or a mass larger than 4 cm in diameter. Medications Associated with Gynecomastia Amiodarone Anabolic steroids Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Calcium-channel blockers Chemotherapy agents • Alkylating agents • Busulfan • Imatinib • Nitrosoureas • Vincristine Cimetidine Cisplatin Clomiphene Diazepam Diethylstilbestrol Digoxin Efavirenz Estrogens Ethionamide Etomidate Finasteride Flutamide Furosemide Gonadotropins Growth hormone Haloperidol Isoniazid Ketoconazole Melatonin Methadone Methotrexate Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRALGIA HAIR LOSS INFERTILITY, MALE SYNCOPE Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Join Tags: Instant Work-ups A Clinical Guide to Medicine Aug 17, 2016 | Posted by admin in PEDIATRICS | Comments Off on GYNECOMASTIA Full access? Get Clinical Tree
