Chapter 12 CYANOSIS
Causes of Cyanosis
• Double-outlet right ventricle
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
• Left-to-right shunt with pulmonary edema
• Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
• Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
• Aspiration (meconium, blood, amniotic fluid, mucus, or milk)
• Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)
• Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
• Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)
• Respiratory distress syndrome
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