and Janesh Gupta2
(1)
Fetal Medicine, Rainbow Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
(2)
University of Birmingham Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
CG1
CG1 Answer: C
Explanation
Respect for autonomy is the most important principle, and we cannot justify forcing patients to undergo treatment they choose ‘autonomously’ to refuse. In a woman refusing a caesarean section, undertaking such a procedure without her consent would be classed as assault.
Beneficence and non-maleficence are also considered here. The unborn fetus has no rights, and giving treatment against the patient’s will constitute battery.
CG2
CG2 Answer: B
Explanation
Ethics aims to understand the problem, and practical ethics helps with decision-making. The principles of ethics include beneficence, maleficence, autonomy and justice. The four principles approach provides a way of thinking about ethical issues/problems in a simple and accessible way that should cut across cultural differences. In current UK practice, care is delivered under the clinical governance framework using protocols, cost-effectiveness and NICE guidelines and underpinned by a risk management framework.
The ‘four principles’ approach may need to be used in exceptional circumstances where they may need to have recourse to a legal framework:
1.
Respect for autonomy—obligation to respect the decision-making capacities of the autonomous person
2.
Beneficence—obligation to provide benefits and to balance benefits against risks
3.
Non–maleficence—obligation to avoid causing harm
4.
Justice—obligation of fairness in the distribution of benefits and risks
References
Strat OG tutorial on clinical governance.
CG3
CG3 Answer: B
Explanation
The contemporary teacher must be able to use knowledge and different methods of teaching, assess the needs and level of knowledge of the learners and conduct teaching in accordance with the curriculum.
The main roles of a clinical teacher are:
1.
The information provider in the lecture and in the clinical context
2.
The role model on the job and in more formal teaching settings
3.
The facilitator as a mentor and learning facilitator
4.
The student assessor and curriculum evaluator
5.
The curriculum and course planner
6.
The resource material creator and study guide provider
References
Duthie SJ, Garden AS. The teacher, the learner and the method. Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;12:273–80.
CG4
CG4 Answer: A
