Animal Bites
Basic Information
Definition
Bites may occur from a variety of animals including dogs, cats, and rodents; most are minor and do not require medical attention. An animal bite is medically significant when the injury is severe, if cosmetic appearance or infection of the wound is a concern, or when rabies or tetanus prophylaxis is indicated.
Epidemiology & Demographics
• The true incidence is unknown as most bites are trivial and do not require medical care. An estimated 2 million animal bites occur annually. In 2001, an estimated 368,245 persons were treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments for dog-bite related injuries.
• Children (aged 5 to 9 years) are the most common victims. Younger children are more likely to be male.
Clinical Presentation
• Identify the specific animal involved, including its whereabouts and immunization status, to consider need for antibiotic and rabies prophylaxis.
• Determine the time elapsed since the injury, which is an important factor in infection control and wound closure.
• Search for underlying structural damage including neurovascular or tendon injury, joint involvement, and fractures. (Dog bites are most commonly associated with significant occult injury.)
Etiology
• The most common perpetrators of animal bites are dogs, which account for 80% to 90% of animal bites.
• Wound infections are frequently polymicrobial; Pasteurella multocida and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly implicated organisms.
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