Chapter 1 ABNORMAL PAP SMEAR (ABNORMAL CERVICAL CYTOLOGIC FINDINGS)
Cervical cytology screening has significantly decreased rates of mortality from cervical cancer; however, 400 women die each year in the United States from cervical cancer, mostly as a result of inadequate screening.
Cervical cytology results are classified according to the Bethesda 2001 system (Box 1-1), which describes the categories of epithelial cell abnormalities. Histologic diagnoses of abnormalities are reported as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1-3.
Box 1-1. The 2001 Bethesda System Categorizing of Epithelial Cell Abnormalities
Squamous Cell
Modified from Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al: The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. Forum Group Members; Bethesda 2001 Workshop. JAMA 2002;287:2114-2119. Copyright © 2002, American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Other risk factors for cervical cancer include cigarette smoking, immunocompromised status (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection), early age at onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and sexual activity with male partners at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases.